Restorers have made sensational discoveries in the Holy Transfiguration Church in Polotsk
01/09/20110 views
THE EUPHRASIA CODE
The Saviour-Transfiguration Church of the Sviato-Yefremsky Monastery in Polotsk is often called the pearl of East Slavic architecture. And not only because of its venerable age – the church was built in the 12th century, but also due to its unique frescoes. Specialists believe that the concept of the temple's interior decoration belongs to Euphrosyne of Polotsk; it is her message to posterity, a kind of code yet to be deciphered. The restoration of the frescoes has been entrusted to the best specialists in monumental painting of Kievan Rus' from Belarus and Russia. The correspondent of BELTA was told about the progress of the restoration and sensational discoveries by the scientific supervisor of the works, Belarusian restorer Yuri MALINOVSKY, and a top-qualified restorer, chief art historian of the interregional scientific restoration art department of the Ministry of Culture of Russia, Vladimir SARABYANOV.
- About four years ago, when Russian restorers had just begun their work in the Saviour-Transfiguration Church, I must admit, I found it hard to believe that the temple frescoes, almost nine hundred years old, could be seen not fragmentarily, but in such volume as they appear now: almost two-thirds of the painting has already been restored.
V. Sarabyanov: Indeed, by the end of 2006, the Belarusian restorer Vladimir Rakitsky, who worked almost single-handedly, had uncovered less than a third – 200 sq.m of frescoes. Since 2007, our team began the work, and a little later, our Belarusian colleagues from "Belrestavratsiya" joined us. The work proceeded much faster – 10-16 restorers work on the site during the season, which allows for uncovering large areas of painting. The work in the altar part has already been completed: the frescoes in the altar, prothesis, and diaconicon have been presented in their original form. The paintings in the sub-dome space are being restored.
Yu. Malinovsky: In addition, restorers are preserving the 19th-century painted layers, applied during the church's renovation in the 1830s and 1880s, by transferring them onto canvas. These later frescoes, however, are no less valuable from a historical and artistic point of view. We are separating them from the medieval painting, transferring and securing them on a solid base so that as many people as possible can see them in museum exhibitions.
In fact, in one temple, we are uncovering and separating three layers of painting: one from the 12th century and two from the 19th century. 40 sq.m of later frescoes have already been detached. No one in the world has carried out such large-scale detachments before.
- Uncovering such extensive ancient monumental painting, there must have been discoveries...
V. Sarabianov: Indeed, there are discoveries, and they can be confidently called sensational. We have uncovered perfectly preserved images of the first Russian martyr saints, Boris and Gleb. There would be nothing unusual about this if it weren't for the time of their depiction – the 12th century, just over a century after their canonization. Until now, the earliest depictions of the holy brothers were dated to the 13th century. The depiction of Boris and Gleb in the Polotsk church bears a portrait resemblance. They were considered local saints, so the Byzantine artists who painted the church most likely had to use not canonical iconographic images, the tradition of which was established much later, but portraits that Euphrosyne of Polotsk, who was related to them, possessed.
Opposite the wall with the portraits of Boris and Gleb is a very rare depiction – of the holy martyr Prince Vyacheslav (Wenceslas) of Bohemia, who is still deeply revered in the Czech Republic. There are very few portraits of him at all. I can confidently state that this is the only depiction of a Czech saint in Orthodox churches on the territory of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. There is nothing strange about his appearance opposite the martyrs Boris and Gleb: the Czech saint prince, like the Russian saint princes, was killed by his brother. However, it remains a mystery why Saint Vyacheslav appeared in the Polotsk church. Perhaps he was connected by some family ties to the Polotsk princely house. The answer to this question is yet to be found. One thing can be said with certainty: if the Czech Republic learns that there is a depiction of their heavenly patron in the Belarusian city of Polotsk, the flow of Czech pilgrims here will be endless.
Yu. Malinovskiy: The fact that this church is not a burial vault, but a monastic one, built specifically for Euphrosyne and her sister, can also be considered a discovery. They lived in this church.
- Vladimir Dmitrievich, you have experience working on 12th-century monuments in Novgorod, Pskov, and Staraya Ladoga, and you participated in the restoration of ancient frescoes in the "Cave of Hercules" (3rd century AD), the Church of St. Catherine in Arnau (14th century), and the cathedrals of the Moscow Kremlin. What place does the Polotsk church occupy in this array of world masterpieces?В. Сарабьянов: The Church of the Transfiguration is an outstanding monument of world-class significance, that is evident. It was painted by Byzantine masters, who were backed by great ancient culture; the art they created is of the highest metropolitan standard. The Church of the Transfiguration itself is not large; it was likely built for the family of the Reverend Mother. However, inside it appears vast. This impression arises from the specific way figures and faces are depicted. Even at that time, artists knew the laws of perspective and could make a small space seem large with the help of a brush. The Polotsk frescoes are most closely related to the decoration of the Saviour's Church of the Monastery of the Saviour in Pskov. Both of these churches are unique in the completeness of their preserved paintings and their condition. Such monuments can be counted on the fingers of two hands – with some left over…
In fact, we are dealing with monuments that allow us to journey back to the 12th century – to imagine, through the frescoes, how our ancestors perceived the universe. The Polotsk church was painted according to the vision of Euphrosyne of Polotsk, of which I am completely certain. The decoration includes elements that testify to her profound understanding of Holy Scripture. They even encode theological discussions of the early Middle Ages. How could Euphrosyne have known all this? From books, from conversations with learned men. This proves that the Saint Sophia Cathedral indeed housed one of the largest European libraries, that the contacts of the Principality of Polotsk with other states were extensive, that the princely house of Polotsk was respected in the Byzantine world, and that the hierarchs of Constantinople treated Euphrosyne with reverence, otherwise they would not have sent their best artists to Polotsk. Furthermore, Euphrosyne shared her knowledge with people, meaning she was truly an enlightener. The Church of the Transfiguration is a material testament to her era.
- When uncovering frescoes in ancient churches, restorers often find scratched inscriptions – ancient graffiti, which provide material for philologists and historians. Has anything similar been discovered in the Polotsk church?V. Sarabianov: Just like in other churches, we found medieval inscriptions. Unlike our contemporaries, people of that time wrote messages to God on the church walls, expressing their requests and pleas to Him. Some of the inscriptions have authorship and dates. There are inscriptions in Cyrillic, and there are inscriptions in Latin. The church minister Filipp, a representative of the Narbut family, and the nun Silyavina immortalized their names in history. Currently, specialists are studying these inscriptions, including chronicles, and are preparing a publication dedicated to Polotsk graffiti.
- Yuri Ivanovich, what else needs to be done to restore the Transfiguration Church, besides the maximum uncovering of frescoes?
Yu. Malinovskiy: We are currently preparing for the construction and restoration phase. This is a very responsible step because we have to decide whether to restore the church to its original appearance or leave it in its current form, which it acquired during the reconstruction in the 18th century. During the current restoration work, we found that the foundation needs strengthening, and the walls have cracked in some places, requiring repair.
V. Sarabianov: During the reconstruction of the church by the Jesuits in the 18th century, burial niches were bricked up, and the floor was raised by approximately 30-40 cm. We have cleared several niches of brick and uncovered ancient frescoes in them, but the rest need to be cleared, the floor needs to be lowered, and the church's plinth needs to be exposed. The oldest cultural layer is located there, which may yield unexpected finds.
- The joint work of Belarusian and Russian restoration teams on a monument that belongs to our common history is very symbolic. Is there any competition between you?
Yu. Malinovskiy: There is no talk of any competition; we learn a lot from each other. The Russian restoration school is based on art history, while the Belarusian school trains specialists from artists or architects. If an architect-restorer does not always see the specifics of ancient painting, an art historian-restorer will help him, and vice versa. A similar case occurred when we were working in Euphrosyne's cell. Our colleagues did an excellent job uncovering the paintings, and we calculated that a stone bench was built in this cell during the construction of the church, and we restored it. Our Russian colleagues shared with us and helped us master the painting detachment technology they developed, thanks to which we were able to preserve later frescoes.V. Sarabianov: The work of a restorer is akin to that of a surgeon, requiring not only theoretical knowledge but also extensive practical experience. We are happy to share our experience with colleagues. But I want to emphasize that Belarusian restorers are true professionals.
Yu. Malinovskiy: I believe we should look into the Russian experience of training young restorers. Students, future restorers from the Stroganov Art College, come to the Transfiguration Church for practical training. They work alongside their teachers for several months and prepare actual diploma projects. Unfortunately, our students' practical training lasts only a couple of weeks.
- The restoration of the unique murals of the Transfiguration Church is included in the "Culture of Belarus" program for 2011-2015. Based on the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of Belarus, Br1 billion will be allocated annually from the republican and regional budgets starting from 2011 to complete the restoration work in 2015. Vladimir Dmitrievich, in your opinion, is such attention from a not very wealthy state to historical sites justified?
V. Sarabianov: I can only admire how Belarus treats its monuments. A state without its own history is nothing. Only a historical foundation makes it stronger and helps it overcome any difficulties. Belarus understands this perfectly and, most importantly, protects its historical values in practice.
Diana KURILO,
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